footnote3
Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05).
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economically productive | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
19-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 231 children | % (adjusted) = 71.00 | Adjusted mean % = 68.00 | Difference = 0.03 | HomVEE calculated = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Economically productive | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
19-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 219 children | %(adjusted) = 73.00 | Adjusted mean % = 68.00 | Difference = 0.04 | HomVEE calculated = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Ever used AFDC | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
19-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 231 children | % (adjusted) = 3.00 | Adjusted mean % = 2.00 | Difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Ever used AFDC | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
19-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 219 children | %(adjusted) = 6.00 | Adjusted mean % = 2.00 | Difference = 0.04 | HomVEE calculated = -0.68 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
Ever used food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
19-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 231 children | %(adjusted) = 6.00 | Adjusted mean % = 6.00 | Difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Ever used food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
19-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 219 children | %(adjusted) = 7.00 | Adjusted mean % = 6.00 | Difference = 0.01 | HomVEE calculated = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Ever used Medicaid | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
19-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 231 children | %(adjusted) = 11.00 | Adjusted mean % = 12.00 | Difference = -0.01 | HomVEE calculated = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Ever used Medicaid | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
19-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 219 children | %(adjusted) = 20.00 | Adjusted mean % = 12.00 | Difference = 0.07 | HomVEE calculated = 0.34 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employed during pregnancy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
36th week of pregnancy | Full (Memphis) | 916 mothers | % (adjusted) = 6.00 | Adjusted mean % = 3.00 | OR = 2.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.44 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote3Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05). |
In school during pregnancy | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
36th week of pregnancy | Full (Memphis) | 916 mothers | % (adjusted) = 44.00 | Adjusted mean % = 41.00 | OR = 1.20 | HomVEE calculated = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. |
Months on AFDC , 13–24 months postpartum | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 671 mothers | Adjusted mean = 7.80 | Adjusted mean = 8.40 | Mean difference = -0.60 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
footnote3Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05). |
Months on AFDC , 0–12 months postpartum | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 681 mothers | Adjusted mean = 7.30 | Adjusted mean = 7.60 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
Months worked, 0–12 months postpartum | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 681 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.20 | Adjusted mean = 1.70 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
Months worked, 13–24 months postpartum | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 671 mothers | Adjusted mean = 3.40 | Adjusted mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
|
Used other community services | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
36th week of pregnancy | Full (Memphis) | 916 mothers | % (adjusted) = 29.00 | Adjusted mean % = 20.00 | OR = 1.80 | HomVEE calculated = 0.30 | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.01 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current socioeconomic status (percentile ranked by U.S. occupational codes) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 646 mothers | Adjusted mean = 15.62 | Adjusted mean = 13.73 | Mean difference = 1.89 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Highest education level | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 646 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.61 | Adjusted mean = 11.67 | Mean difference = -0.06 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Number of months mother or child received AFDC (0–60 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 646 mothers | Adjusted mean = 32.55 | Adjusted mean = 36.19 | Mean difference = -3.64 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.01 |
Number of months mother or child received food stamps (0–60 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 646 mothers | Adjusted mean = 41.57 | Adjusted mean = 45.04 | Mean difference = -3.47 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.01 |
Number of months received WIC (0–54 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 646 mothers | Adjusted mean = 21.51 | Adjusted mean = 23.33 | Mean difference = -1.82 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Number of months received Medicaid (0–54 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 646 mothers | Adjusted mean = 39.59 | Adjusted mean = 41.08 | Mean difference = -1.49 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Number of months worked (0–54 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 646 mothers | Adjusted mean = 19.89 | Adjusted mean = 18.84 | Mean difference = 1.05 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Months employed | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 227 mothers | Adjusted mean = 87.50 | Adjusted mean = 89.70 | Mean difference = -2.20 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Months employed | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 245 mothers | Adjusted mean = 96.40 | Adjusted mean = 89.70 | Mean difference = 6.70 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Months receiving AFDC | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 227 mothers | Adjusted mean = 70.20 | Adjusted mean = 65.90 | Mean difference = 4.30 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Months receiving AFDC | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 245 mothers | Adjusted mean = 52.80 | Adjusted mean = 65.90 | Mean difference = -13.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Months receiving food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 227 mothers | Adjusted mean = 62.00 | Adjusted mean = 56.40 | Mean difference = 5.60 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Months receiving food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy, and comparison (Elmira) | 245 mothers | Adjusted mean = 47.90 | Adjusted mean = 56.40 | Mean difference = -8.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Months receiving Medicaid | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 227 mothers | Adjusted mean = 71.10 | Adjusted mean = 70.00 | Mean difference = 1.10 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Months receiving Medicaid | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 245 mothers | Adjusted mean = 61.80 | Adjusted mean = 70.00 | Mean difference = -8.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of nutritional supplementation vouchers | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
32 weeks | Full (Elmira) | 288 mothers | Mean = 2.18 | Mean = 1.56 | Mean difference = 0.62 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concern about finding work | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
10 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 195 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.43 | Adjusted mean = 2.17 | Mean difference = 0.26 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Concern about finding work | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
10 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 202 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.38 | Adjusted mean = 2.17 | Mean difference = 0.21 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Concern about finding work | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
22 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 183 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.24 | Adjusted mean = 1.92 | Mean difference = 0.32 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Concern about finding work | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
22 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 192 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.97 | Adjusted mean = 1.92 | Mean difference = 0.05 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Help with child care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
10 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 204 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.76 | Adjusted mean = 2.64 | Mean difference = 0.12 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Help with child care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
10 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 197 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.77 | Adjusted mean = 2.64 | Mean difference = 0.13 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Help with child care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
22 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 197 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.83 | Adjusted mean = 2.76 | Mean difference = 0.07 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Help with child care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
22 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 189 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.94 | Adjusted mean = 2.76 | Mean difference = 0.18 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Help with child care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
46 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 183 mothers | Adjusted mean = 3.18 | Adjusted mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = 0.18 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Help with child care | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
46 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 167 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.97 | Adjusted mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Number of days on public assistance (0–22 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
22 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 194 mothers | Adjusted mean = 236.00 | Adjusted mean = 244.00 | Mean difference = -8.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Number of days on public assistance (0–22 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
22 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 185 mothers | Adjusted mean = 268.00 | Adjusted mean = 244.00 | Mean difference = 24.00 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Number of days on public assistance (0–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
48 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 208 mothers | Adjusted mean = 437.00 | Adjusted mean = 530.00 | Mean difference = -93.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Number of days on public assistance (0–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
48 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 196 mothers | Adjusted mean = 510.00 | Adjusted mean = 530.00 | Mean difference = -20.00 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Number of months employed (0–22 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
22 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 194 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.15 | Adjusted mean = 5.89 | Mean difference = 0.26 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Number of months employed (0–22 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
22 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 185 mothers | Adjusted mean = 7.57 | Adjusted mean = 5.89 | Mean difference = 1.68 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Number of months employed (0–46 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
46 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira) | 208 mothers | Adjusted mean = 15.18 | Adjusted mean = 12.65 | Mean difference = 2.53 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Number of months employed (0–46 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
46 months postpartum | Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira) | 196 mothers | Adjusted mean = 17.01 | Adjusted mean = 12.65 | Mean difference = 4.36 | Not available | Statistical significance not reported |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time employed, in months | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
10 to 12 years | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) | 594 mothers | Adjusted mean = 7.10 | Adjusted mean = 7.77 | Mean difference = -0.67 | HomVEE calculated = -2.62 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Time employed, in months | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 to 12 years | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) | 594 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.50 | Adjusted mean = 4.64 | Mean difference = -0.14 | HomVEE calculated = -0.99 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Use of AFDC-TANF | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
0 to 12 years | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis | 594 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.97 | Adjusted mean = 5.47 | Mean difference = -0.50 | HomVEE calculated = -3.03 | Statistically significant, p < .05 |
Use of AFDC-TANF | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
10 to 12 years | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) | 594 mothers | Adjusted mean = 3.75 | Adjusted mean = 3.97 | Mean difference = -0.22 | HomVEE calculated = -13.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Use of food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
0 to 12 years | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) | 594 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.27 | Adjusted mean = 6.86 | Mean difference = -0.59 | HomVEE calculated = -3.90 | Statistically significant, p < .05 |
Use of food stamps | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
10 to 12 years | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) | 594 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.46 | Adjusted mean = 5.06 | Mean difference = -0.60 | HomVEE calculated = -2.65 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Use of Medicaid | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
0 to 12 years | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) | 594 mothers | Adjusted mean = 8.08 | Adjusted mean = 8.39 | Mean difference = -0.31 | HomVEE calculated = -1.88 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Use of Medicaid | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
10 to 12 years | Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis) | 594 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.02 | Adjusted mean = 6.23 | Mean difference = -0.21 | HomVEE calculated = -0.81 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SES of current job (mother) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 641 mothers | Adjusted mean = 14.01 | Adjusted mean = 13.06 | Mean difference = 0.95 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 | |
Months mother employed (54–72 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 641 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.96 | Adjusted mean = 9.99 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.97 | |
Months of AFDC (54–72 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 641 mothers | Adjusted mean = 7.21 | Adjusted mean = 8.96 | Mean difference = -1.75 | Study reported = -0.22 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 | |
Months of food stamps (54–72 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 641 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.67 | Adjusted mean = 11.50 | Mean difference = -1.83 | Study reported = -0.24 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | |
Months of Medicaid, (54–72 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 641 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.98 | Adjusted mean = 13.08 | Mean difference = -1.10 | Study reported = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.08 | |
Mother graduated from high school/earned GED (percentage) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 641 mothers | % (adjusted) = 69.00 | Adjusted mean % = 66.00 | OR = 1.12 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.54 |
footnote2Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio. |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of months employed per year (2–9 years postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 627 mothers | Adjusted mean = 3.84 | Adjusted mean = 3.86 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.93 |
Number of months employed per year (6–9 years postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 627 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.86 | Adjusted mean = 7.39 | Mean difference = -0.53 | Study reported = -0.15 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.13 |
Number of months on /TANF per year (0–9 years postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 627 mothers | Adjusted mean = 5.21 | Adjusted mean = 5.92 | Mean difference = -0.71 | Study reported = -0.14 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
Number of months on TANF(6–9 years postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 627 mothers | Adjusted mean = 3.39 | Adjusted mean = 4.01 | Mean difference = -0.62 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.12 |
Number of months on food stamps per year (0–9 years postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 627 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.98 | Adjusted mean = 7.80 | Mean difference = -0.82 | Study reported = -0.17 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 |
Number of months on food stamps per year (6–9 years postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 627 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.89 | Adjusted mean = 5.92 | Mean difference = -1.03 | Study reported = -0.21 | Statistically significant, p = 0.02 |
Number of months on Medicaid per year (0–9 years postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 627 mothers | Adjusted mean = 9.71 | Adjusted mean = 10.07 | Mean difference = -0.36 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.12 |
Number of months on Medicaid per year (6–9 years postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9-year follow-up | Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis) | 627 mothers | Adjusted mean = 8.79 | Adjusted mean = 8.74 | Mean difference = 0.05 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.89 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Educational achievement (years) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
21 months | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 427 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.51 | Adjusted mean = 11.51 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Graduated from high school or earned GED | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 424 mothers | = 0.80 | = 0.76 | OR = 1.26 | HomVEE calculated = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.35 |
Months mother employed (25–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 424 mothers | Adjusted mean = 14.42 | Adjusted mean = 13.38 | Mean difference = 1.04 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.22 |
Months of AFDC (25–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 424 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.88 | Adjusted mean = 2.10 | Mean difference = -0.22 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.69 |
Months of food stamps (25–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 424 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.32 | Adjusted mean = 3.98 | Mean difference = 0.34 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.67 |
Months of Medicaid (25–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 424 mothers | Adjusted mean = 7.34 | Adjusted mean = 6.98 | Mean difference = 0.36 | Study reported = -0.03 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.71 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Educational achievement (years) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
21 months | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 440 mothers | Adjusted mean = 11.62 | Adjusted mean = 11.51 | Mean difference = 0.11 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Months employed (1–12 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 425 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.21 | Adjusted mean = 3.97 | Mean difference = 0.24 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Months employed (13–24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 439 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.14 | Adjusted mean = 5.73 | Mean difference = 0.41 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Months on AFDC (1–12 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 425 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.60 | Adjusted mean = 2.35 | Mean difference = 0.25 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Months on AFDC (13–24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 439 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.31 | Adjusted mean = 1.92 | Mean difference = 0.39 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4 years | Denver, CO- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 414 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.10 | Unadjusted mean = 0.06 | Mean difference = 0.04 | Study reported = 0.04 | p = 0.72 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 years | Denver, CO- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 394 mothers | Unadjusted mean = -0.01 | Unadjusted mean = -0.08 | Mean difference = 0.07 | Study reported = 0.12 | p = 0.34 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9 years | Denver, CO- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 357 mothers | Unadjusted mean = -0.15 | Unadjusted mean = -0.17 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Study reported = 0.03 | p = 0.84 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15 years | Elmira, NY- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 183 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.48 | Unadjusted mean = 0.06 | Mean difference = 0.42 | Study reported = 0.42 | p = 0.03 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Elmira, NY- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 205 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.32 | Unadjusted mean = 0.45 | Mean difference = -0.13 | Study reported = -0.12 | p = 0.54 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4 years | Elmira, NY- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 214 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.36 | Unadjusted mean = 0.44 | Mean difference = -0.08 | Study reported = -0.07 | p = 0.72 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 years | Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 569 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.54 | Unadjusted mean = 1.60 | Mean difference = -0.06 | Study reported = -0.04 | p = 0.78 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 657 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.30 | Unadjusted mean = 2.21 | Mean difference = 0.09 | Study reported = 0.05 | p = 0.7 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
54 months | Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 626 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.40 | Unadjusted mean = 2.28 | Mean difference = 0.12 | Study reported = 0.06 | p = 0.63 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 years | Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 627 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.86 | Unadjusted mean = 2.04 | Mean difference = -0.18 | Study reported = -0.11 | p = 0.38 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
9 years | Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) | 617 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 1.93 | Unadjusted mean = 1.93 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | p = 0.99 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Months employed (1–12 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 406 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.35 | Adjusted mean = 3.97 | Mean difference = 0.38 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Months employed (13–24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 419 mothers | Adjusted mean = 6.87 | Adjusted mean = 5.73 | Mean difference = 1.14 | Not available | Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05 |
Months on AFDC (1–12 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 406 mothers | Adjusted mean = 2.31 | Adjusted mean = 2.35 | Mean difference = -0.04 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Months on AFDC (13–24 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 419 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.95 | Adjusted mean = 1.92 | Mean difference = 0.03 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4 years | Denver, CO- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources | 152 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.18 | Unadjusted mean = 0.40 | Mean difference = -0.22 | Study reported = -0.23 | p = 0.16 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
15 years | Elmira, NY - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - high risk (unmarried, low SES) | 78 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.57 | Unadjusted mean = 0.52 | Mean difference = 0.05 | Study reported = 0.04 | p = 0.86 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4 years | Elmira, NY - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - high risk (unmarried, low SES) | 100 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 0.83 | Unadjusted mean = 0.91 | Mean difference = -0.08 | Study reported = -0.06 | p = 0.79 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 years | Memphis, TN Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources | 308 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.03 | Unadjusted mean = 1.74 | Mean difference = 0.29 | Study reported = 0.19 | p = 0.11 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
24 months | Memphis, TN Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources | 338 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.48 | Unadjusted mean = 2.51 | Mean difference = -0.03 | Study reported = -0.02 | p = 0.88 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
54 months | Memphis, TN Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources | 325 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.52 | Unadjusted mean = 2.71 | Mean difference = -0.19 | Study reported = -0.11 | p = 0.35 | footnote162Negative value is favorable to the intervention. |
Neighborhood Disadvantage index | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
6 years | Memphis, TN Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources | 332 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 2.84 | Unadjusted mean = 2.34 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.30 | p = 0.01 | footnote163Positive value is favorable to the comparison group. |
Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Graduated from high school or earned GED | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 431 mothers | = 0.82 | = 0.76 | OR = 1.39 | HomVEE calculated = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.18 |
Months mother employed (25–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 431 mothers | Adjusted mean = 15.13 | Adjusted mean = 13.38 | Mean difference = 1.75 | Study reported = 0.11 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 |
Months of AFDC (25–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 431 mothers | Adjusted mean = 1.95 | Adjusted mean = 2.10 | Mean difference = -0.15 | Study reported = -0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.78 |
Months of food stamps (25–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 431 mothers | Adjusted mean = 4.56 | Adjusted mean = 3.98 | Mean difference = 0.58 | Study reported = 0.21 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.47 |
Months of Medicaid (25–48 months postpartum) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
4-year follow-up | Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver) | 431 mothers | Adjusted mean = 8.08 | Adjusted mean = 6.98 | Mean difference = 1.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.26 |